Planning of pure hydrogen pipeline network in Europe and its implications for China

Objective The United States and Europe pioneered the construction of pure hydrogen pipelines, and currently possess pure hydrogen pipelines totaling 2,600 km and 1,770 km, respectively. Europe has recently planned an extensive pure hydrogen pipeline network exceeding 30,000 km, gaining valuable experience in the process. China can draw on these advanced practices to inform its planning and construction of pure hydrogen pipeline networks as part of its new energy system development.

Methods Through systematic analysis of the routes, technical parameters, and construction plans of pure hydrogen pipelines in Europe, key planning characteristics and advanced practices were identified. A comparative analysis of the current status of pure hydrogen pipeline construction and planning in China was also conducted, yielding recommendations for the development of pure hydrogen pipelines in China.

Results The planning of the pure hydrogen pipeline network in Europe exhibits three key characteristics: (1) Pipeline companies collaboratively develop a regional network through joint organizational structures or projects, fostering strong connectivity, flexibility and coordination. (2) The maximum design pressure of the pipeline reaches 10 MPa, the maximum pipe diameter 1,200 mm, and the maximum design transport capacity 200×10⁴ t/a, driving advancements toward larger diameters, higher pressures and increased transport capacities. (3) The planning relies significantly on existing natural gas pipeline infrastructure, with over 50％ of the network transformed from existing pipelines. Additionally, new pipelines are often planned alongside existing routes, reducing construction costs and improving the efficiency of asset and land resource utilization.

Conclusion Based on the advanced experience in pure hydrogen pipeline network planning in Europe, three recommendations are offered for the planning and construction of pure hydrogen pipelines in China: (1) Enhance top-level planning of the pure hydrogen pipeline network at the national level to ensure coordinated efforts across the country, minimizing redundant construction and optimizing asset and resource utilization. (2) Conduct research on supporting technologies for repurposing oil and gas pipelines for hydrogen transport, establishing necessary technical and standard systems. (3) Evaluate the feasibility of repurposing pipelines for hydrogen transport during the design phase of new natural gas pipelines.