Abstract: Objective Addressing the demand for large-scale, long-duration hydrogen energy storage, this study focuses on the technical potential and development pathways of geological hydrogen storage (GHS) in the context of global energy transition. It aims to establish a holistic solution covering technical evaluation, risk management, and industrialization promotion, thereby providing scientific support for the improvement of the hydrogen energy industry chain under China's "dual carbon" goals. Methods By integrating global data from typical GHS projects, a multi-dimensional technical evaluation index system was constructed. This study systematically categorized domestic and international underground hydrogen storage structures, analyzed the evolutionary trajectory and current status of GHS technologies, summarized its technical potentials and bottlenecks, and outlined future development priorities. Results (1) Geological hydrogen storage technology has significant synergistic effects in the hydrogen energy industry chain. It can effectively balance fluctuations in hydrogen energy supply and demand, reduce cross-regional allocation costs, and adapt to the needs of multiple scenarios such as transportation, industry, and power generation. (2) In terms of demand, resources, economy, and safety, geological hydrogen storage demonstrates great potential and is expected to achieve large-scale geological hydrogen storage. (3) At present, geological hydrogen storage is faced with various technical challenges, such as geological integrity evaluation, wellbore integrity detection and evaluation, the tendency of hydrogen to undergo chemical reactions with reservoir media, surface injection and production technology for hydrogen storage tanks, and the safety monitoring system for hydrogen storage tanks. Therefore, efforts should be accelerated to tackle key problems in relevant theories and technologies. Conclusion Future advancements in geological hydrogen storage (GHS) necessitate coordinated progress across technological innovation, management reform, business model exploration, and policy support: (1) Technological Innovation: Prioritize the optimization of reservoir geology and engineering systems, develop intelligent wellbore monitoring technologies based on multi-physics field integration, and establish digital twin gas storage systems for lifecycle predictive maintenance and early warning. (2) Management Innovation: Foster collaboration across the hydrogen energy industry chain, construct a standardized strategic framework, formulate tiered standards and lifecycle quality control protocols, and create replicable technical solutions for broad adoption. (3) Business Model Innovation: Explore financial innovations such as "pledge of hydrogen storage revenue rights + blockchain traceability," design integrated packages combining green hydrogen supply with storage services, and develop energy bundles like "wind/solar power generation + GHS + peak-shaving power supply." (4) Policy Support: Build a technological innovation support system, expedite the construction of GHS infrastructure and hydrogen pipeline networks, and lay the groundwork for large-scale hydrogen industry development.