Abstract: Microbial contamination in aviation fuel seriously threatens the storage of aviation fuel and the flight safety of aircrafts, so it is quite important to detect microbes in aviation fuel. In this paper, the main detection methods currently applied to detect contaminative microbes in aviation fuel were described in detail, including traditional microbe culture method, analytical chemistry method, molecular biology method and indirect detection method, and each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages in practical applications. There are lots of contaminative microbes in the stored aviation fuel. And in order to obtain information on contaminative microbes accurately, it is necessary to adopt multiple detection methods jointly.