Abstract: In this paper, the author reviews the change process of energy structure in some developed countries within a century, compares the proportions of main energy covered in the energy structures in the world and China, and considers that with the development of economy, the change of energy structure is an inexorable trend, in which coal being substituted by petroleum and natural gas progressively is most representative. The author describes the relationship between the change of energy structure and development of pipeline industry in China, presents 9 technological subjects to be studied and researched in investment risk analysis, transportation pressure, pipe material grade and steel pipe, internal and external coating of pipe based on the pipeline construction in the West-east pipeline project, and considers that the research results will be strategic importance to the engineering.