Objective China’s energy transition is an unprecedented and far-reaching initiative, representing not only a transformation of the energy structure but also a fundamental action that reshapes the economic system. This transition creates significant opportunities for the development of new quality productive forces within the energy sector.

Methods To improve overall energy system efficiency, a novel “substance-energy network” framework was developed, integrating green electricity consumption with carbon recycling. The cost structures, development bottlenecks, and techno-economic feasibility three technical pathways of methane, ammonia, and methanol et al. An “electron-molecule” multi-energy collaborative conversion system was established, accompanied by recommendations to advance integrated energy strategies and enhance standards, regulations, and policy support.

Results Analysis results indicated that the conversion of green electricity to hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and methanol are viable pathways for constructing the “substance-energy network.” Driven by technological advancements and increasingly stringent carbon emission regulations, green hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and methanol are becoming increasingly cost-competitive, paving the way for large-scale replacement of their grey counterparts.

Conclusion The “substance-energy network” system offers a comprehensive solution for China’s energy transition. It enables energy form conversion and a closed-loop carbon cycle, systematically addressing challenges in green electricity consumption, cross-regional allocation, and deep carbon reduction. This approach provides essential support for building a secure, low-carbon, and efficient new energy system.