Abstract: Facing the challenge of accurately detecting minor defects and early-stage damage in oil and gas pipelines, quantum precision measurement technology demonstrates significant potential for overcoming the limitations of traditional detection methods. This paper systematically reviews the principles and recent developments of quantum magnetic sensors—such as optically pumped atomic magnetometers, diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers, superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), and quantum well Hall magnetometers—and their applications in the field of detection, providing a theoretical basis for the intelligent detection of micro-damage in pipelines. The study further explores the feasibility of weak magnetic detection based on atomic magnetometers and stress detection using diamond NV centers for identifying micro-cracks and evaluating stress states in pipelines, along with preliminary experimental investigations. Although challenges remain in engineering applications, including environmental adaptability, system integration, and data processing, quantum precision measurement technology undoubtedly represents a cutting-edge direction for the development of pipeline inline inspection toward higher accuracy and deeper perceptual capabilities, holding important prospects for ensuring the safety of energy transmission networks.