Objective China’s energy transition is an unprecedented and far-reaching initiative, representing not only a transformation of the energy structure but also a fundamental action that reshapes the economic system. This transition creates significant opportunities for the development of new quality productive forces within the energy sector.

Methods To improve overall energy system efficiency, the concept and essence of a novel “substance-energy network” framework was introduced and explained, the “substance-energy network” system for new energy based on hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and methanol was constructed with green electricity absorption and carbon recycling as the core objectives. An analysis was conducted on the cost structures, development bottlenecks, and techno-economic feasibility of industrial pathways employing hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and methanol as substance-to-energy transformation carriers. A system for multi-energy collaborative conversion, storage and transportation was established, accompanied by recommendations to advance high-quality coordination of various industrial paths and enhance standards, regulations, and policy support.

Results Analysis results indicated that the conversion of green electricity to hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and methanol are viable pathways for constructing the “substance-energy network.” Driven by technological advancements and increasingly stringent carbon emission regulations, green hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and methanol are becoming increasingly cost-competitive, paving the way for large-scale replacement of their grey counterparts.

Conclusion The “substance-energy network” system offers a comprehensive solution for China’s energy transition against the backdrop of energy security strategy and the “dual carbon” goals. It enables energy form conversion and a closed-loop carbon cycle, systematically addressing challenges in green electricity consumption, cross-regional allocation, and deep carbon reduction. This approach provides essential support for building a secure, low-carbon, and efficient new energy system.